Wroclaw Poland

Poland only sporadically makes the headlines of the Anglo-Saxon world, and its history remains comparatively unknown. It has suffered the dubious distinction of being wiped off the political map in 1795, to be resurrected after the First World War, to suffer seeming annihilation during the Second World War, reduction to satellite status of the Soviet Union after 1945, only to emerge during the 1980s. It is presently a contender for membership in the European Union. The only general introduction to the politics of Polish history in English, The Concise History of Poland covers medieval times to the present. The authors describe how Polish society developed under foreign rule in the 19th century and how it was altered by and responded to 45 years of communism, and developments since its collapse. Primarily a political outline of Poland's turbulent and complex past, it traces the process of its rise and fall from the middle ages, from a dynastic realm to a remarkable constitutional experiment in multinational, consensual politics, embracing much of Lithuania, Ukraine, and Belarus. Jerzy Lukowski is Senior Lecturer in Modern History, School of Historical Studies, at the University of Birmingham, UK. He is also the author of, The Partitions of Poland (Addison Wesley, 1998), and Liberty's Folly (Routledge, 1991), and many journal articles. Herbert Zawadzki is Teacher of History at Abingodn School, in Abingdon, UK. He spent the first ten years of his life in various Polish resettlement camps across the length and breadth of Britain, eventually settling near Stratford-on-Avon. He has since traveled extensively in Poland, Belarus, and Lithuania. He has written for several journals andcontributed to the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia and the former Soviet Union (1994).

The figure of Gary Cooper as the proud frontier sheriff striding down the street in the 1952 American Western High Noon is as much a symbol of dignity and courage in contemporary Poland as it is in the United States. In 1989, for Poland's first free election since the Communist takeover, the political party Solidarity dramatically and successfully used that image of Cooper on a campaign poster urging voters to respond to their country's own "high noon" -- their critical moment of decision. The Western motion picture, from its silent days on, exported an epic vision of America. William S. Hart, John Wayne, James Stewart, Henry Fonda, Gregory Peck, Clint Eastwood, and Kirk Douglas became legendary heroes throughout the world, and especially in Poland. In postwar Poland, film poster artists employed the universally recognized symbols of the Western -- horse, six-shooter, boots, tin-star badge, Stetson, saddle -- to convey violence as a negative force. Unlike many other art forms, the film poster did not fall within the censor's domain because it was not expected to pose a threat to the social order. But messages were conveyed through subtle means of symbol and color. The Polish poster has been likened to the Trojan horse, with the artist smuggling messages onto the streets in the guise of ephemera. The posters displayed so strikingly in this book, and discussed in three essays, are from the golden age of Polish poster-making, the mid-1940s to the 1970s. They are part of the collection assembled by the Autry Museum of Western Heritage, the Western poster holdings of which include more than a hundred created in Poland -- the largest such collection outside of Poland itself.

Powiat of WrocÅ‚aw - WrocÅ‚aw County (in Polish powiat wrocÅ‚awski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government in the Lower Silesian Voivodship in Poland, created on 1st January 1999 as a result of the Local Government Reorganization Act of 1998. Wroclaw City itself is part of Wroclaw City County.

Jan Jakub Kolski - Jan Jakub Kolski is a director, cameraman, screenplay writer, writer. Born January 29, 1956 in Wroclaw, Poland.

Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst - Johann Ludwig Christian Carl Gravenhorst (1777-1857) was a German zoologist and entomologist, born on November 14, 1777 in Brunswick. He died on January 14, 1857 in Breslau (today Wroclaw in Poland).

WrocÅ‚aw - WrocÅ‚aw, ([:vrÉ”Ê¦waf], German Breslau, Czech Vratislav, Latin Wratislavia or Vratislavia; many Polish documents in English use the spelling Wroclaw) is the capital of Lower Silesia in southwestern Poland, situated on the Oder River (Odra). As of 2004, the city's population was estimated to be 638,000.

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